Transgenic non-human mammals expressing the human complement inhibitor (DAF/CD55)

ABSTRACT

This invention provides transgenic mammals other than man carrying the gene of the human complement inhibitor (DAF/CD55) and expressing the human complement inhibitor in their organs and tissues, particularly in their endothelial cells. This invention provides nonhuman transgenic mammals useful as laboratory animals in the medical and pharmacological fields and/or sources of organs, tissues, cells and the like for medical treatment of man.

This application is the national stage entry of PCT/JP98/02927 filed Jun. 30, 1998, claiming benefit of Japanese application 9/205235 filed Jul. 14, 1997.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention provides transgenic mammals. Particularly, the invention provides the nonhuman transgenic mammals carrying the human complement-inhibitor (hDAF/CD55) gene. More particularly, the invention provides domestic and laboratory animals carrying the hDAF gene.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Recently, studies on animal-to-man organ transplantation (xenotransplantation) have been carried out mainly in European countries and the United States. Because of close relation to human beings, apes may be desirable donors, but the use of their organs may be infeasible because of the shortage of these animals and their high intelligence. However, domestic animals, particularly pigs, have advantages of their organ sizes and shapes similar to those of man, easy supply due to mass rearing and established basic technology. Consequently, organ transplantation from the pig to man has mainly been studied.

If a porcine organ is transplanted to man, it will immediately (within minutes) and severely be rejected (hyperacute rejection), resulting in loss of its functions.

These phenomena are thought to be caused by a series of reactions: (1) Human blood contains endogenous antibodies against porcine cells (termed natural antibodies). If a porcine organ is transplanted to man, such antibodies recognize the porcine organ and form antigen-antibody complexes. (2) The antigen-antibody complexes activate complement in human serum and trigger the complement cascade reaction. The attachment of C1 to the antigen-antibody complexes triggers reactions of C4 and C2. resulting in formation of C3 convertase, which activates C3 and cleaves it to C3b and C3a. The attachment of C3b to the cell surface of the porcine organ results in formation of C5 convertase, which activates C5 and cleaves it to C5b and C5a. The attachment of C5b to the cell surface results in sequential attachments of C6, C7, C8 and C9. (3) In consequence of the complement cascade reaction, the membrane attack complex (MAC) is formed (termed the classical complement pathway). MAC attaches the transplanted organ and causes thrombosis. (4) The alternative complement pathway is known to cause also the same cascade reaction as described above after the C3 step and finally to form MAC.

Miyagawa, S. et al. (Transplantation, Vol. 46(6), 825-830, 1988) reported the following: (1) the complement cascade reaction triggered hyperacute rejection of xenografts via the classical and/or alternative pathway; (2) no hyperacute rejection occurred, if the recipients had previously been treated with CVF (cobra venom factor) to cause deprivation of C3. From such findings, it has long been desired to generate transgenic animals expressing membrane-bound DAF and/or MCP, especially those homologous to recipient species, which can inhibit the cascade reaction at the C3 step.

It has been tried to generate transgenic pigs expressing a complement inhibitor hDAF (CD55) to decompose human C3 convertase in the porcine organs (Rosengard, A. M. et al., Transplantation, Vol. 59(9). 1325-1333, 1995: G. Byrne et al., Transplantation Proceedings, Vol. 28(2), 759, 1996).

However, it has never been explained whether these transgenic pigs completely suppresses hyperacute rejection. Therefore, questions like the following should be answered: 1) Do these transgenic pigs express sufficient amounts of hDAF in target organs? 2) Is it necessary to co-express some other complement inhibitors? 3) Isn't it necessary to express sugar-transferase gene in order to reduce the antigen (sugar-chain antigen), which Is expressed on the porcine cells and to which human natural antibodies bind? 4) Isn't it necessary to co-express the above-described gene and other genes encoding the thrombosis-preventing protein and the like? Thus, many problems are left unsolved to overcome the hyperacute rejection.

To solve these problems, it is urgent to generate pigs and/or other small-sized laboratory animals that can be handled more easily than pigs and to examine these animals from various viewpoints. Particularly, in order to carry out studies in this field and/or to develop clinical application, it is valuable to generate transgenic pigs and/or small-sized easy-to-handle laboratory animals, of which tissues and organs express hDAF of at least the same amounts as or larger amounts than those expressed in man.

Therefore, it has been tried to generate transgenic pigs expressing the human complement inhibitors as described above. Expression was examined by such methods as the following; (1) in vitro immunohistological examination, (2) ex vivo examination by allowing the transgenic pig tissues to contact directly with human blood, or (3) in vivo examination by transplanting the transgenic pig tissues to primates. It was confirmed that the tissues from the transgenic pigs survived and functioned longer than those from nontransgenic pigs in ex vivo and in vitro examinations.

However, it was not necessarily explained whether the amounts of the human complement inhibitors expressed in the transgenic pig tissues were at least equivalent to or larger than those expressed in man.

To generate transgenic pigs expressing the human complement inhibitors, the following have been reported as the promoter genes of transgenes: (1) the promoter genes from nonporcine sources (G. A. Langford et al., Transplant. Proc., 26, 1400, 1994; W. L. Fodor et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 91, 11153-11157, 1994; G. W. Byrne et al., Transplantation, 63, 149-155, 1997) and/or (2) the promoter genes relating to molecules distributed throughout the whole bodies of animals (e.g., beta-actin, H2K^(b)).

Transgenic mice expressing hDAF have also been generated (N. Cary et al., Transplant. Proc. Vol. 25(1), 400-401, 1993; D. Kagan et al., Transplant. Proc. Vol.26(3), 1242, 1994). The loci and amounts of hDAF expressed in these transgenic mice, however, varied from report to report. Strictly speaking, no transgenic mouse expressing the human complement inhibitor in the due organ to develop it (particularly, vascular endothelial cells) in an amount larger than that expressed in human organ has ever been generated.

To solve the above problems, the present inventors studied to generate transgenic animals, particularly those other than man, expressing complement inhibitor(s) in the due organs, tissues and cells, particularly the vascular endothelial cells, in which the complement inhibitors should essentially be expressed. The inventors succeeded in generating transgenic animals fulfilling the purposes with the promoter gene of the porcine complement inhibitor (pMCP) previously invented by the inventors (see Japanese Patent Application No. 142961/1997), by introducing the transgene designed to express the complement inhibitor(s) in the due organs, tissues and cells, particularly in the vascular endothelial cells, in which the complement inhibitors should essentially be expressed, into animals' fertilized eggs, by implanting the eggs in the uteri of recipient animals and by obtaining their youngs.

The examples described below show that the transgenic mice of this invention expressed hDAF in various organs, tissues, endothelial cells, erythrocytes, and central and peripheral nerves in amounts larger than those expressed in human cells. Furthermore, the expression of hDAF was confirmed in their erythrocytes and nerves of the transgenic pigs of the invention.

This invention was accomplished on the basis of such findings. The purpose of the invention was to provide transgenic animals useful in the medical and pharmacological fields.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

This invention is related to nonhuman mammals carrying the human complement inhibitor (DAF/CD55) gene and expressing the inhibitor in their organs and tissues. Furthermore, the invention is related to transgenic mammals expressing the human complement inhibitor (DAF/CD55) in their vascular endothelial cells, particularly in those of all the organs and tissues.

It is favorable that the transgenic mammals of the invention are carrying the promoter gene of the porcine complement Inhibitor (pMCP) at an upstream locus of the human complement-inhibitor (DAF/CD55) gene.

The transgenic mammals of this invention are useful as domestic and laboratory animals.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates the structure of the transgene comprising pMCP promoter (5.4 kb) and hDAFcDNA.

FIG. 2 illustrates the structure of the transgene comprising pMCP promoter (0.9 kb) and hDAFcDNA.

FIG. 3 illustrates the structure of the transgene comprising hDAF promoter and hDAFcDNA used for comparison.

FIG. 4 shows the PCR profiles obtained by examining the transgenic and nontransgenic mammals with hDAFcDNA-specific primers.

Lanes (1) and (3) of FIG. 4 show the PCR profiles of the hDAFcDNA-possitive pig and mouse, respectively. Lanes (2) and (4) show those of the hDAFcDNA-negative littermate pig and mouse, respectively.

FIG. 5 shows expression of mRNA of hDAF in various organs of a TgF1 mouse, a transgenic mouse generated for comparison and a normal mouse (nontransgenic mouse).

Expression of mRNA in various organs of the TgF1 mouse is shown in FIG. 5(A); that of the transgenic mouse for comparison (generated by introducing transgene (3) comprising hDAF promoter and hDAFcDNA) (see FIG. 3) is shown in FIG. 5(B); that of the nontransgenic mouse is shown in FIG. 5(C) and that of human lymphocyte (K562) at the right end of FIG. 5(C). B, H, K, Li, Lu, S and T in each figure stand for the brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, spleen and testis, respectively.

FIG. 6 shows FACS-analysis profiles obtained by treating erythrocytes from a transgenic pig and its nontransgenic littermale pig with anti-hDAF monoclonal antibodies. FIG. 6(A) shows that the erythrocytes from the transgenic pig expressed hDAF, whereas FIG. 6(B) shows that those from a nontransgenic littermate pig did not.

FIG. 7 shows hemolysis profiles obtained by treating erythrocytes from the transgenic () and normal (▪) animals with human serum. Figures (a) and (b) show the hemolysis profiles of the mouse and porcine erythrocytes, respectively. The horizontal and the vertical axes of the figure represent the complement concentration in human serum and the degree of hemolysis, respectively.

THE BEST MODE FOR APPLYING THE INVENTION

As described above, the present invention provides nonhuman transgenic mammals carrying the human complement inhibitor (referred to as hDAF in the following) and expressing the inhibitor in their organs and tissues, particularly in the vascular endothelial cells. As far as it is other than man, the species of mammals of this invention is not restricted. Examples of mammals are the mouse, rat, hamster, pig, cattle, horse, sheep, rabbit, dog, cat and so on.

Transgenic mammals of the invention can be generated by the following methods:

First, transgene is prepared by binding promoter gene with hDAFcDNA. A part of an appropriate vector (e.g., pGL-3 basic vector, pBluescript and the like) is clipped out with a restriction enzyme(s), and the ends of the digested vector are truncated.

Base sequence encoding hDAF is clipped out from hDAFcDNA (see Medof, M. E. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 84, 2007, 1987 for example) at an upstream locus of the initiation codon and at a downstream locus of the termination codon with a restriction enzyme(s), truncated and conventionally inserted into the above-described vector. An appropriate promoter gene is also inserted at an upstream locus of the hDAFcDNA-introduced locus.

Any promoter can be used, as far as it can induce expression of hDAF in the mammals' bodies. A promoter gene of endothelin is an example. The inventors found that a promoter gene of porcine complement inhibitor (PMCP) worked more efficiently. The base sequence of the promoter gene of pMCP is defined as Sequence No. 1 (see Japanese Patent Application No. 142961/1997).

From the vector thus prepared (circular gene), transgene is prepared by digesting the region including the promoter and hDAF genes with an appropriate restriction enzyme(s).

Methods to carry out the above-described processes are commonly known by those skilled in the art. The processes can conventionally be performed.

Transgenic mammals can be generated conventionally by introducing by microinjecting the above-described transgenes into mammals' fertilized eggs (those at the pronucleus phase), implanting the eggs in the oviducts of female mammals (recipient mammals) after a few additional incubation or directly in their uteri synchronized to the pseudopregnancy, and obtaining the youngs. If the pronuclei are hard to be recognized because of the presence of many fatty granules in the eggs, they may conventionally be centrifuged.

To find whether the generated youngs are transgenic, below-described dot-blotting, PCR, immunohistological, complement-inhibition analyses and the like can be used.

The transgenic mammals thus generated can be propagated by conventionally mating and obtaining the youngs, or transferring nuclei (nucleus transfer) of the transgenic mammal's somatic cells, which have been initialized or not, into fertilized eggs of which nuclei have previously been enucleated, implanting the eggs in the oviducts or uteri of the recipient mammals, and obtaining the clone youngs.

As shown in the below-described examples, it was confirmed that the transgenic mammals of this invention were carrying hDAF gene, expressing hDAF in the endothelial cells of all the organs and being resistant to the human complement.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The present invention is useful in the medical and pharmacological fields, exerting the following effects:

(1) If such organs as the heart, liver and kidney of the transgenic mammals of this invention are contacted with human blood or transplanted in primates, it can be confirmed that hDAF effectively prevents hyperacute rejection caused by xenotransplantation.

(2) If the xenotransplantion model is prepared by contacting such organs as the heart, liver and kidney of the transgenic mammals of this invention with human blood or transplanting the organs in primates, the model will help develop not only remedies, devices and the like to prevent hyperacute rejection after xenotransplantation but also those to prevent acute or chronic rejection after the hyperacute rejection.

(3) This invention makes it feasible to study hyperacute rejection-related problems hard to be solved only by expression of the complement inhibitors themselves. Namely, the invention may answer the questions whether it is necessary to introduce sugar transferases to reduce expression of sugar-chain antigens to which human natural antibodies bind, and/or to introduce factors to maintain homeostasis of the vascular endothelial cells (e.g., thrombomodulin. etc.).

(4) If the transgenic mammals of this invention are mated with those expressing some other complement inhibitor (human MCP or human CD59), synergic effects of the inhibitors can be examined.

(5) If the organs (e.g., the heart, lung, liver, kidney, pancreas, etc.), their adjunctive tissues (e.g., the coronary artery, endocranium, etc.) or cells (e.g., Langerhans islets producing insulin, nigrostriatal cells producing dopamine, etc.) from the transgenic mammals of this invention are transplanted to human patients whose organs have been damaged and their functions lost, they will supplement or substitute the functions of the patient organs.

(6) If the cells from the organs of the transgenic mammals of this invention (e.g., cells from the liver, kidney and the like, Langerhans islets producing insulin, nigrostriatal cells producing dopamine, etc.) are cultured, put in an appropriate device, and connected with human patients ex vivo, it will supplement or substitute the functions of the damaged organs of the patients.

EXAMPLES

The present invention will specifically be explained in detail with actual examples, but the scope of the invention is not restricted to these samples.

Example 1

{circle around (1)} Construction of Transgene

The transgene comprising pMCP's promoter gene and hDAFcDNA is prepared as follows:

From pGL-3 basic vector (Promega), luc gene was clipped out at the NcoI and XbaI sites. Both the ends of the digested vector were truncated with T4 DNA polymerase. Next, hDAFcDNA containing the first intron was clipped out at an AscI site of the upstream locus of initiation codon ATG and at an AccI site of the downstream locus of termination codon TAG, truncated with the T4 DNA polymerase and inserted into the above-described truncated vector. Similarly, an approximately 5.4-kb region corresponding to the promoter gene was clipped out at the EcoRI and FspI sites from the porcine phage genomic library containing PMCP gene (Japanese Patent Application No. 142961/1997), and inserted into the EcoRI and EcoRVsites of the pBluescript vector.

(1) An approximately 5.4-kb promoter region inserted in the pBluescript vector was clipped out at the BstEII and EcoRI sites (the sequence from the second to the 5,392nd bases of Sequence No. 1), truncated with T4 DNA polymerase (the sequence from the second to the 5,397th bases of Sequence No. 1), and then inserted Into an SmaI site at an upstream locus of the above-described hDAFcDNA-inserted vector. The region containing the promoter gene and hDAFcDNA was clipped out at the NotI and Eco47III sites and used as transgene (I) (see FIG. 1).

(2) A 1.7-kb promoter region was clipped out at the BstEII and BssH2 sites of upstream loci of the ATG initiation codon of PMCP, truncated with T4 DNA polymerase, and then inserted into the SmaI site of the above-described hDAFcD NA-containing vector. The vector was clipped out at the pBluescript's BstXI and SpeI sites located at further upstream loci of the promoter and linearized. The linearized sequence was digested with a Deletion Kit for Kilo-Sequence (Takara) to obtain a deletion mutant possessing the 0.9-kb promoter gene (the sequence from the 4,498th to the 5,397th bases of Sequence No. 1). The region containing the above-described promoter gene and hDAFcDNA was clipped out at the NotI and Eco47III sites and used as transgene (2) (see FIG. 2).

(3) Transgene (3) comprising hDAF promoter gene and hDAFcDNA was prepared as follows: hDAF promoter gene was prepared by clipping out an approximately3.8-kb region corresponding to the promoter at the HindIII and AscI sites, truncated and inserted to an SmaI site at an upstream locus of the hDAFcDNA-inserted vector. A region containing the above-described promoter gene and hDAFcDNA was clipped out at the NotI and Eco47III sites and used as transgene (3) (see FIG. 3).

Each transgene was dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 5 μg/ml before used.

{circle around (2)} Generation of the Transgenic Mammals (Mice)

The transgenes were introduced into mouse fertilized eggs and the transgenic mice were generated as follows.

CBA or C3H male and C57BL/6 female mice were mated to obtain baby mice, of which female mice (donor mice) were used to supply fertilized eggs. The donor mice were mated with ICR male mice after inducing ovulation (by administration of PMSG and hCG). The fertilized eggs (at the prenucleus phase) were collected. The above-described transgene (1) or (3) was introduced by microinjection into the prenuclei until their swelling was confirmed. The transgene-injected prenucleus-phase eggs were implanted in the uteri of the recipient mice immediately after transduction or in their oviducts after additional incubation for 3 days, and then baby mice were obtained. The recipient mice were made pseudopregnancy by mating them with vasoligated male mice.

{circle around (3)} Generation of Transgenic Mammals (Pigs)

The transgenes were introduced into porcine fertilized eggs and transgenic pigs were generated as follows.

Fertilized eggs were collected from hybrid female pigs (donor pigs) of Landrace, Large White and Duroc. After inducing ovulation of the donor pigs (by administration of either PMSG or FSH, and hCG) and artificial fertilization with semen of male Duroc pig, the fertilized eggs (those at the prenucleus phase) were collected. After centrifugation (for 8 min at 12,000×g) of the prenucleus-phase eggs, transgene (2) was introduced into the prenuclei until swelling was confirmed. The transgene-injected eggs were immediately implanted in the oviducts of the recipient pigs, and then piglets were obtained. The recipient pigs were either pigs whose sexual cycle had been synchronized to those of the donor pigs by the above-described ovulation treatment or those from which the fertilized eggs had been collected.

{circle around (4)} Identification of the Transgenic Mammals

Genomic DNA was extracted from the tails of the youngs obtained from the recipient mammals and subjected to identification and selection of the transgenic mammals by the following two methods:

(1) The dot-blotting method: Genomic DNA (10 μg) from the youngs was placed on a piece of membrane and hybridized with gene comprising a part of biotin-labeled hDAFcDNA. The transgenic mammals were identified by detecting the introduced transgene by an alkaline phosphatase-dependent photon-generating reaction (Sumalight, Sumitomo Metal, Inc.).

(2) PCR method: PCR was carried out (condition; denaturation for 30 sec at 94° C. and annealing for 2 min and 30 sec at 68° C., 30 times) with genomic DNA from the young as a template, 5′-GGCCTTCCCCCAGATGTACCTAATGCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 2) of hDAFcDNA as a sense primer and 5′-TCCATAATGGTCACGTTCCCCTTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 3) as an antisense primer. The transgenic mammals were identified by detecting the introduced transgene. The results, shown in FIG. 4 confirmed that some of the youngs obtained from the recipient mammals carried hDAFcDNA in their genome. Lanes 1 and 3 of FIG. 4 show the results with the hDAFcDNA-carrying pig and mouse, respectively. Lanes 2 and 4 of FIG. 4 those of hDAFcDNA-not-carrying littermate pig and mouse, respectively.

{circle around (5)} Propagation of the Transgenic Mammals (Mice)

The mice confirmed to be transgenic were mated with ICR mice, and then baby mice carrying the transgene were generated (termed TgF1 mice).

{circle around (6)} Confirmation of Expression of the Transgene (Transcription of mRNA) in the Transgenic Mammals (Mice)

By the conventional RT-PCR method, mRNA from various organs of the TgF1 mice was examined for transcription of hDAFcDNA. For comparison, mRNA from those of the transgenic mice generated with transgene (3) comprising hDAF promoter gene and hDAFcDNA and mRNA from those of normal mice (nontransgenic mice) were similarly examined for transcription of hDAFcDNA. The results are shown in FIG. 5. B, H, K, Li, Lu, S and T in FIG. 5 stand for the brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, spleen and testis, respectively. With the transgenic mice generated by introducing transgene (1) comprising PMCP promoter gene and hDAFcDNA (see FIG. 1), strong signals indicating transcription of mRNA of hDAF were confirmed in all the organs examined (the brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, spleen and testis) (FIG. 5A). With the transgenic mice obtained by introducing transgene (3) comprising hDAF promoter gene and hDAFcDNA (see FIG. 3), a signal of mRNA of hDAF was observed only in the testis, whereas no or faint signal in other organs (FIG. 5B).

With the nontransgenic mice, no transcription of mRNA of hDAF was observed in any organ (FIG. 5C).

With a cell line of human lymphocyte (K562), transcription of mRNA of hDAF was confirmed (the right end of FIG. 5C).

{circle around (7)} Confirmation of Expression of the Transgene in the Transgenic Mammals (Mice) (Confirmation of Expression of hDAF Protein by an Immunohistological Method)

Frozen sections of the TgF1 mouse organs were prepared and treated with biotin-labeled anti-hDAF monoclonal antibodies and then peroxidase-labeled streptavidin. After reaction with a chromogenic substrate (diaminobenzidine; DAB), the sections were microscopically examined for the intensity and the locus of the expressed hDAF protein. The results are shown in Table 1.

With the transgenic mice generated by introducing transgene (1) comprising PMCP promoter gene and hDAFcDNA, it was confirmed that all the organs examined were intensively expressing hDAF. The organs expressing hDAF were artial and ventricular myocardia, and endothelia of medium, small and capillary blood vessels of the heart, glomerulus, uriniferous tubule, and endothelia of medium, small and capillary blood vessels of the kidney, hepatocytes, epithelia of bile ducts, and endothelia of medium, small and capillary blood vessels of the liver, alveolar wall, bronchioles epithelium, and endothelia of medium, small and capillary blood vessels of the lung, epithelia of intestinal mucosa, and endothelia of medium, small and capillary blood vessels of the intestines, exocrine glands, Langerhans islets, epithilia and endothelia of medium, small and capillary blood-vessels of the pancreas, white and red pulp, trabeculare lienis, and endothelia of medium, small and capillary blood vessels of the spleen, cerebral and cerebellar cortex and medulla, and endothelia of medium, small and capillary blood vessels of the brain, seminiferous epithelia, interstitial cells, sperms, and endothelia of medium, small and capillary blood vessels of the testis and peripheral nerves.

With the transgenic mice generated by introducing transgene (3) comprising hDAF promoter gene and hDAFcDNA, the expression of hDAF was confirmed only in the testis, but not in the endothelial cells of the testis.

TABLE 1 Promoter gene used to generate transgenic mouse Normal Organ pMCP hDAF mouse Heart Artial myocardium ++ − − Venticuiar myocardium + − − Endothelia of medium, small ++ − − and capillary vessels Kidney Glomerulus ++ − − Uriniferous tubule − − − Endothelia of medium, small ++ − − and capillary vessels Liver Hepatocytes ± − − Epithelia of bile duct ++ − − Endothelia of medium, small ++ − − and capillary vessels Lung Alveolar walls ++ − − Bronchioles epithelium ++ − − Endothelia of medium, small ++ − − and capillary vessels Intestines Epithelia of intestinal + − − mucosa Endothelia of medium, small ++ − − and capillary vessels Pancreas Exocrine glands + − − Langerhans islet + − − Epithelia pancreatic + − − ducts Endothelia of medium, small ++ − − and capillary vessels Spleen White pulp ± − − Red pulp ± − − Trabeculare lienis + − − Endothelia of medium, small ++ − − and capillary vessels Brain Cerebral cortex ++ − − Cerebral medulla ++ − − Cerebellar cortex + − − Cerebellar medulla ++ − − Endothelia of medium, small ++ − − and capillary vessels Testis Seminiferous epithelia ++ ± − Interstitial cells + ± − Sperms ++ ++ − Endothelia of medium, small ++ − − and capillary vessels Peripheral nerve +++ − −

{circle around (8)} Confirmation of Expression of the Transgene in the Transgenic Mammals (Pigs) (Confirmation of Expression of hDAF Protein by an Immunohistological Method)

Expression of hDAF protein was observed in the pigs which had been identified to be transgenic by the PCR method as described in {circle around (4)}.

Frozen sections were prepared from the tails of the pigs and treated with biotin-labeled anti-hDAF monoclonal antibodies and then peroxidase-labeled streptavidin as described in {circle around (7)}. After reaction with the chromogenic substrate (diaminobenzidine; DAB), they were microscopically examined for the intensity and the locus of the expressed hDAF protein.

Expression of hDAF was confirmed in the medium, small and capillary blood vessels of the transgenic pigs generated by introducing transgene (2) comprising the PMCP promoter gene and hDAFcDNA. Besides, expression of hDAF was confirmed also in such organs as the peripheral nerves, skeletal muscle, and stratified squamous epithelia of the skin.

{circle around (9)} Confirmation of Expression of the Transgene in the Transgenic Mammal (Pigs) (Confirmation of hDAF-protein Expressing by FACS Analysis)

To examine for hDAF-protein expression, the organs of the transgenic pigs which had been identified to be transgenic by the PCR method as described in {circle around (4)} and by the immunohistological method as described in {circle around (7)} were subjected to FACS analysis (a fluorescence-activated cell sorter, Becton Dickinson's FACScan) with anti-hDAF monoclonal antibodies.

An erythrocyte fraction was prepared from blood of the transgenic pig, treated with the biotin-labeled monoclonal antibodies and then Phycoprobe PE Streptavidin (Biomeda), and subjected to FACS analysis. The results are shown in FIG. 6(A). Similar analysis as described above was carried out with a nontransgenic littermate pig. The results are shown in FIG. 6(B). The horizontal and vertical axes represent the intensity of fluorescence indicating the amount of hDAF expressed and the cell number, respectively.

As shown in FIG. 6, it was confirmed that the erythrocytes from the transgenic pig identified by PCR and the immunohistological methods expressed huge amounts of hDAF, but that those from the nontransgenic pig did not

FIG. 6 shows also that the transgenic pigs of this example simultaneously possessed erythrocytes expressing hDAF and those not expressing hDAF (referred to as mosaic). It has already been shown that the first generation of the transgenic animals (founder) generated by the microinjection method sometimes become mosaic, and that such mosaic may disappear by such conventional methods as mating and breeding.

The results shown in {circle around (8)} and {circle around (9)} confirmed that the transgenic pigs generated by introducing the transgene comprising PMCP promoter and hDAFcDNA expressed hDAF from hDAFcDNA in various organs and tissues including endothelial cells.

{circle around (10)} Confirmation of Expression of the Transgene in the Transgenic Mammals (Confirmation of the Function of hDAF Protein)

It was confirmed that the hDAF protein expressed on the transgenic mammals' cells had the essential function of hDAF protein, i.e., suppression of the complement cascade reaction. Confirmation was accomplished by determining hemolysis occurring after treating the transgenic mammal's erythrocytes with human serum. The erythrocytes were subjected to such analyses, since the complement cascade reaction could be identified by observing hemolysis (1) easily due to formation of membrane attack complex, and (2) clearly due to more fragile membrane structure of erythrocytes than other cells (e.g., leukocytes, endothelial cells and the like).

The erythrocyte fractions were prepared from blood specimens taken from the transgenic and nontransgenic mouse tails and those taken from the transgenic and nontransgenic pig ear veins. After diluting the fractions with PBS, a 30-μl portion of each fraction was placed in a well of 96-well microplates (1×10⁷ cells/well), to which a 70-μl portion of complement concentration-adjusted human serum (which had been prepared by blending human normal serum [HNS] and previously inactivated serum (by heating for 30 min at 56° C.) [HIS] ) was added dropwise and then allowed to react (for 1.5 h at 37° C.). Optical density of the supernatant of each well was read at 405 nm with a microplate reader (Bio Rad), and the per cent hemolysis caused by the complement cascade reaction was calculated.

The results are shown in FIG. 7, in which figures (a) and (b) respectively show the results with the mouse and porcine erythrocytes. The horizontal and the vertical axes represent the concentration of HNS in human serum and the degree of hemolysis, respectively. Symbols  and ▪ in FIG. 7 show hemolysis of the erythrocytes from the transgenic and the nontransgenic animals, respectively.

Such hemolysis occurs (1) since co-existence of animal erythrocytes and human serum immediately triggers the classical complement pathway due to the presence of the natural antibodies and complement in human serum, and (2) since animal erythrocytes (excluding the transgenic mammals of this invention) cannot inhibit human complement cascade reaction due to the species-specificity of the complement inhibitor.

As shown in FIG. 7, the erythrocytes from nontransgenic animals underwent hemolysis irrespective of the complement concentration in human serum, whereas those from the transgenic mammals inhibited hemolysis. These findings confirmed that the erythrocytes expressing hDAF from the transgenic mammals were resistant to human complement. Although the erythrocyte population of the transgenic pigs of this invention was mosaic, it was resistant to the human complement.

3 1 5418 DNA Sus scrofa misc_feature gamma-FIXII porcine genome phage library 1 gaattctgcg tacacggggc cccggtggct ttacatcatc gctacagcga catgggatcc 60 gagccgtgtc tacaacctac acaacaacgc cagatcctta acccaatgca tgaggacagg 120 gctcaaacct gcggcctcat agatgctagt cagattcgtt tctgctgagc cacaatggga 180 actcctaatt ctagatcgat ctagaattag gagttcccat tgtggctcag cagaaacgaa 240 tctgactagc atctatgagg ccgcagtttg agccctgtcc tcatgcattg ggttaaggat 300 ctggcgttgt tgtgtaggtt gtagacacgg ctcggatccc atgtcgctgt agcgatgatg 360 taaagccacc ggggccccgt gctacgcaga attcntgcag cccgggggat ccactagttc 420 tagcnagaga gttgaaaatt taaagaacat ttctccccta atctcccaaa atatgggcaa 480 aggacaggta cccgtggcac tggaaaaata caggcaagca acccatgagt acatgaaaag 540 atgctccagg gttcggccta atggaagcct gaacaatgcc tatcacatcg tgggtttctg 600 aagaagtaac ttaaagaaac tagaaattaa atggctttct tagaatgaaa attctctatc 660 acaaggaaaa atgttgtatg ttgtttttcc cataatggag gtcagtgggc gctatgatta 720 acaaatatct gatgcctgtg actttttaat tgcaagaaat ctgtgnagtt tttttattat 780 ctatgggaaa tattgcatat attaatgata tcacctaact tgtattattg agcaattctg 840 tccacatctg gcctttcatc tttcatctaa aaagcagggg ctggaccaac tgaccttcag 900 tgccattctt actgctaaca ttctaatttt gtttttattg cctttttgta caaaagtgtg 960 agagaagtca ttttaagtct gtgacattaa atgtaatttt ctgtctccag cattataata 1020 agaatcaaag atttaatcta atacaccgat ggaatattgt ttataacgta tttactgttt 1080 caagccttca aaaccaagag aaaacaaaat gagtacctgt tccttctgag aaatgccctt 1140 cttcctgttc agaatccctg tgtataacag gaatgctctc gagttaacag ccaagtaaga 1200 ggcccatcgg ctggcaggtg cccacctagc taggtgcaag cagaggtggc agtgctccca 1260 ggaccaacag cagaaacatg gcttaactat cctgtgttta gcagttctct tacgggtttt 1320 cacaacacct aaaaagcgcc ctgatggggt aaagcctctg ccttcatgct gctgccccgt 1380 ctctgaaaag caggacgtaa atatacaatt taggaggtaa gagggacatc tgccattgtt 1440 ttctttaaca cagtcagcct ctgtttaatg aatcccagcc acctccctcc acctaccatc 1500 attcctaagg tttgcagagg agctgccata gagctcaaaa cacggwntac agacaagcat 1560 nttctccatc cctcctcatc ttctcacagg ccgcttgaca acatctctag gagggggtgg 1620 aggcgccacc agtgtttgag cccctcgttc acgcaaagcc ttgactctgg agttctagtc 1680 ctcgcgggac cttaggaagt tcacggtcaa tactccgccc ttgggctcag acactaagag 1740 gatctccggg taaagagata gacagtagct ccatgcctga tttaggaaaa ctgtccgtac 1800 agacagttgt aattcattcc tttcagagac aaatcctgct ctcttcctag ttcctgaagt 1860 cattaaaatc aaaagctctc agaaacgtcc cagcatttgc taagtccacg ctgggggagg 1920 atgggcagag ccgtgttcag cgcgtttgac agcaacaccc acttatttca ttyagtatcc 1980 ataggcatat atcatgcacc tggtataggc ctctctctca gcactggaga tacagcaaga 2040 aaacgctatt cctgccccat ggagcttgtw maraaaaata gannnaaaaa ccctttanaa 2100 anggaagctr ccngmtgggn cmaagtnaaa attaagtaaa aagaaawccg tgarraaacc 2160 cttcagtnat attaagaaag aaantagctt gatgaaaccc caggtgtana aattnncact 2220 aaaacaatgs tcccaattaa aacccccmaa ttcatggaat ttactcnagt ancctgnaac 2280 taggraaacc aaattctagc cnatagtttc tcccttctaa atnttctcat gagaaaacaa 2340 yttatttcca aaganatttt ccatgatggg gaaagttttt ttcaactttg ctcaggtata 2400 aactgaanat acagcattaa agtaaagata gttgcagaga ccaccaaata gatacccgtt 2460 ttcanaaaaa gtgccaacat ggagccagag aacatttccg ttacatcacg cttttacggc 2520 tttgaaaatt aacagagatg ataatccccc mccttgggtt tccnactccn tccctcctna 2580 attttacctc ctttaattgt catcatgtct ggagattata atccaagata ctaagatgtt 2640 tatntcatac atcgcctcca cacagtgtgt ctnanaagct cttgcaagaa tccaaacatt 2700 gtgctggtct gggtagaaaa ggaaattcca tggtttgttg aacccaggaa ctcttcagta 2760 catctccgag gtaaaactgt ttaaatacaa ttaaagttct acagttaaag ggtaccctcc 2820 tccactgttg gtgggaatgt aaactggtac aatcactatg aaaaacagga tggaggtact 2880 tcagaaaatg aagtatagaa ctaccacagg atccagcact ctcactcctg ggcacctatc 2940 aggacaaaaa attcgctgca aaagatgcat gcacccatag ctatgttcac tgcagcagca 3000 ttcacaatag ccaagacatg gaaacgacct aaatgtccat caacagctga atgcattaag 3060 aagacgtggt atatacacac aatggaatac tactcaagtc atgaaaaaga acaaaagaat 3120 gccatttgca gcaacatggc atggctggaa ctagagactc atgctaaatg aagtcagtga 3180 gaaagagaaa gacaaatacc acatgatatc acttatatct ggaatctaat atacgacaca 3240 catgaaactt tccacagaaa agaaaacctn catggacttt ggagaacaga cttgtggttt 3300 csccaagggg ggargggggg aagaccgtgg gaggactggg gagctttggg gttaatagat 3360 gcaaaactat tgcctttnga atggataagc caatgggatc ctgctgtacc agaaccrggg 3420 aactatanct agtcacttgc kntagaacat gatggaggat natntgagan aaagaatatn 3480 tgtgtgtgtk agagagagag agactggctc cactttgctg tatagtagaa aactgacaga 3540 acaccgtaaa ccattaaata aaaatccagt aaaaatttaa aaataaaaac acacattggt 3600 tccaatgtgt ttaaaagcaa taaagttcta taattgcagc agatgcatct gaggtttaca 3660 cggagagctt ccattcctta ccatcctctc attccttaac tctaatgtga tacaggttct 3720 attctcacca ttctatgaac aaaagagcag ctgatttaca ggttggattt ttcaaaaaaa 3780 aaaatttctt taccaggatc ccaaatgtaa caaagggtca atatagaaaa cttaaaaagc 3840 acagccaaag agaaatatac ataagccttt caactattaa ttttgattaa tatccaacga 3900 atctcttttt aagtgtatca atatattatt cattttaata aaagaaattg caagaggcac 3960 ttgctttttc tgcttacaaa tacggtttct caaatcgatt ttttttatat actgtttgca 4020 tagaatttca atccataaag ctacctattg aaaattcctt atatttctgc taaacactta 4080 agggcttata ttttctccaa atttatacat ccttgctcac agttctgacg atgtctttgg 4140 gataaactct aaatggaact agaggtttaa aagttatgtc catttaaaac ttttaacaca 4200 aaaaaaggta agttaaaaag taaaagtttg gggaggctgc tggtcgcccc cccaacattg 4260 gctgacattt ttattctttg acaacaaata ggaagaaaat gtcaatgtct ttttttactg 4320 cttaatactg gtcatgttac ttttctttcc ttttgctaat catacaggct tactcacaac 4380 tctacaaaaa aatcttactc attcctaatg ttccttcatt gagagattgg tttgccggaa 4440 acgttctcac tctcaccaag tcccaacagt cccaactcta acgacggtcg ctgcttccag 4500 aaatacggca cttaaggcac cctcgtcctt acctttttca tgcatgtgta tttcattttc 4560 aataaaacat tgagttgttc caaggccaga ccatagagtt gagccccaac atgctagtgg 4620 cccagtgtga tgtaataatt taccttccca ggggtcctct ccgggggggt acaggcgaga 4680 ctaagtgact ttaagctgtt gggagaacaa tggccaaacc tttcgtgatt ttgaaatcta 4740 tcaggccacg agacacttcg gtagcggacg ctcaaccctg ggaatcccaa ctattgtccc 4800 aaattttgcc tgactcgtgc caaagattga gccagggccc gggtgtccag gcagtctgca 4860 gtgccccagt ccccaccaga gccctgaagg gtgtcgggcc ccacgaaacc gctgcccggg 4920 ctctagggtt tctgttttca ggtcgctgcg ctttattctc taattcagcg ttcccgaaag 4980 agaccatgag gacccgccca gtgtccttta caccttcccg tgtcgggtgg cgacagctgt 5040 ttacgaagaa gagtgcacca ccctttcccg caagccgcag cggttagttc cgcagaagga 5100 ggagccaggg cgtcgggccg cagctgggag agaggcccgg cagcgggcgc cgcggagcag 5160 caagggcgtc cctctctcgg ccggagcccc gccccgcccc gcccccacgg ccccgccttg 5220 cggcccgccc attggctccg ccgggccctg gagtcactcc ctagagccac ttccgcccag 5280 ggcggggccc aggccacgcc cactggcctg accgcgcggg aggctcccgg agaccgtgga 5340 ttcttactcc tgctgtcgga actcgaagag gtctccgcta ggctggtgtc gggttacctg 5400 ctcatcttcc cgaaaatg 5418 2 27 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR sense primer 2 ggccttcccc cagatgtacc taatgcc 27 3 24 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR anti-sense primer 3 tccataatgg tcacgttccc cttg 24 

We claim:
 1. A transgenic non-human mammal whose genome comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a human complement inhibitor (DAF/CD55) operably linked to the porcine complement inhibitor (PMCP), consisting essentially of bases 4498 to 5397 of Sequence ID No. 1, said promoter promoting expression of the human complement inhibitor (DAF/CD55), and said mammal expressing the human complement inhibitor in an organ or tissue in amount to prevent hyperacute rejection upon xenotransplantation of said organ or tissue from said transgenic non-human mammal.
 2. The transgenic non-human mammal as claimed in claim 1, expressing the human complement inhibitor (DAF/CD55) in endothelial cells.
 3. The transgenic non-human mammal as claimed in claim 1, expressing the human complement inhibitor (DAF/CD55) in endothelial cells of organ and tissues of the whole body.
 4. The transgenic non-human mammal, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said mammal is a domestic or laboratory mammal.
 5. The transgenic non-human mammal as claimed in claim 4, wherein said mammal is a pig or a mouse. 